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in 8 Chance of Catastrophic Solar Megastorm by 2020
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<blockquote data-quote="Opmmur" data-source="post: 77072" data-attributes="member: 13"><p><span style="font-size: 26px"><strong>Solar storm of 1859</strong></span></p><p>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</p><p>Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_storm_of_1859#mw-navigation" target="_blank">navigation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_storm_of_1859#p-search" target="_blank">search</a></p><p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carrington_Richard_sunspots_1859.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Carrington_Richard_sunspots_1859.jpg/220px-Carrington_Richard_sunspots_1859.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a></p><p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carrington_Richard_sunspots_1859.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a></p><p>Sunspots of September 1, 1859, as sketched by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Christopher_Carrington" target="_blank">Richard Carrington</a>. A and B mark the initial positions of an intensely bright event, which moved over the course of 5 minutes to C and D before disappearing.</p><p></p><p>The <strong>solar storm of 1859</strong>, also known as the <strong>1859 Solar Superstorm</strong>, or the <strong>Carrington Event</strong>, was a powerful <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_solar_storm" target="_blank">geomagnetic solar storm</a> in 1859 during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cycle_10" target="_blank">solar cycle 10</a>. A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_flare" target="_blank">solar flare</a> and/or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" target="_blank">coronal mass ejection</a> produced a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" target="_blank">solar storm</a> which hit <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetosphere" target="_blank">Earth's magnetosphere</a> and induced the largest known <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_solar_storm" target="_blank">geomagnetic solar storm</a>, which was observed and recorded by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Christopher_Carrington" target="_blank">Richard C. Carrington</a>.</p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px"><strong>Carrington Super Flare</strong></span></p><p>From August 28, 1859, until September 2, numerous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunspots" target="_blank">sunspots</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_flare" target="_blank">solar flares</a> were observed on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun" target="_blank">Sun</a>. Just before noon on September 1, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" target="_blank">English</a> astronomer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Christopher_Carrington" target="_blank">Richard Carrington</a> observed the largest flare, which caused a major <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" target="_blank">coronal mass ejection</a> (CME) to travel directly toward Earth, taking 17.6 hours. Such a journey normally takes three to four days. This second CME moved so quickly because the first one had cleared the way of the ambient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind" target="_blank">solar wind</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma" target="_blank">plasma</a>.</p><p></p><p>On August 29, 1859, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_%28astronomy%29" target="_blank">aurorae</a> were observed as far north as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" target="_blank">Queensland</a>.</p><p></p><p>On September 1, 1859, Carrington and Richard Hodgson, another English amateur astronomer, independently made the first observations of a solar flare. Because of a simultaneous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_ionospheric_disturbance" target="_blank">"crochet"</a> observed in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Observatory" target="_blank">Kew Observatory</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetometer" target="_blank">magnetometer</a> record by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" target="_blank">Scottish</a> physicist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Stewart" target="_blank">Balfour Stewart</a> and a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" target="_blank">geomagnetic storm</a> observed the following day, Carrington suspected a solar-terrestrial connection. Worldwide reports on the effects of the geomagnetic storm of 1859 were compiled and published by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Loomis" target="_blank">Elias Loomis</a> which support the observations of Carrington and Stewart.</p><p></p><p>On September 1–2, 1859, the largest recorded geomagnetic storm occurred. Aurorae were seen around the world, even as far south as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean" target="_blank">Caribbean</a>; those over the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" target="_blank">Rocky Mountains</a> were so bright that their glow awoke gold miners, who began preparing breakfast because they thought it was morning. People who happened to be awake in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_US" target="_blank">northeastern US</a> could read a newspaper by the aurora's light. The aurora was visible as far from the poles as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" target="_blank">Cuba</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" target="_blank">Hawaii</a>.</p><p></p><p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph" target="_blank">Telegraph</a> systems all over <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" target="_blank">Europe</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America" target="_blank">North America</a> failed, in some cases giving telegraph operators <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_shock" target="_blank">electric shocks</a>. Telegraph pylons threw sparks. Some telegraph systems continued to send and receive messages despite having been disconnected from their power supplies. Compasses and other sensitive instruments reeled as if struck by a massive magnetic fist.</p><p></p><p>On Saturday, September 3, 1859, the <em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_News-American" target="_blank">Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser</a></em> reported, "Those who happened to be out late on Thursday night had an opportunity of witnessing another magnificent display of the auroral lights. The phenomenon was very similar to the display on Sunday night, though at times the light was, if possible, more brilliant, and the prismatic hues more varied and gorgeous. The light appeared to cover the whole firmament, apparently like a luminous cloud, through which the stars of the larger magnitude indistinctly shone. The light was greater than that of the moon at its full, but had an indescribable softness and delicacy that seemed to envelop everything upon which it rested. Between 12 and 1 o'clock, when the display was at its full brilliancy, the quiet streets of the city resting under this strange light, presented a beautiful as well as singular appearance." In June 2013, a joint venture from researchers at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London" target="_blank">Lloyd's of London</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_and_Environmental_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" target="_blank">Atmospheric and Environmental Research</a> (AER) in the United States used data from the Carrington Event to estimate the current cost of a similar event to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_economy" target="_blank">world economy</a> at $2.6 trillion (£1.67tr).</p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px"><strong>Similar events</strong></span></p><p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_core" target="_blank">Ice cores</a> contain thin nitrate-rich layers that can be analyzed to reconstruct a history of past events before reliable observations; the data from Greenland ice cores was gathered by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_G._McCracken" target="_blank">Kenneth G. McCracken</a> and others. These show evidence that events of this magnitude—as measured by high-energy proton radiation, not geomagnetic effect—occur approximately once per 500 years, with events at least one-fifth as large occurring several times per century. These similar but much more extreme <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray" target="_blank">cosmic ray</a> events however may originate outside the Solar system and even outside the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_way" target="_blank">galaxy</a>. Less severe storms have occurred in 1921 and 1960, when widespread radio disruption was reported. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1989_geomagnetic_storm" target="_blank">March 1989 geomagnetic storm</a> knocked out power across large sections of Quebec, Canada.</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Opmmur, post: 77072, member: 13"] [SIZE=7][B]Solar storm of 1859[/B][/SIZE] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_storm_of_1859#mw-navigation']navigation[/URL], [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_storm_of_1859#p-search']search[/URL] [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carrington_Richard_sunspots_1859.jpg'][IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Carrington_Richard_sunspots_1859.jpg/220px-Carrington_Richard_sunspots_1859.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png[/IMG][/URL] Sunspots of September 1, 1859, as sketched by [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Christopher_Carrington']Richard Carrington[/URL]. A and B mark the initial positions of an intensely bright event, which moved over the course of 5 minutes to C and D before disappearing. The [B]solar storm of 1859[/B], also known as the [B]1859 Solar Superstorm[/B], or the [B]Carrington Event[/B], was a powerful [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_solar_storm']geomagnetic solar storm[/URL] in 1859 during [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cycle_10']solar cycle 10[/URL]. A [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_flare']solar flare[/URL] and/or [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection']coronal mass ejection[/URL] produced a [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection']solar storm[/URL] which hit [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetosphere']Earth's magnetosphere[/URL] and induced the largest known [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_solar_storm']geomagnetic solar storm[/URL], which was observed and recorded by [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Christopher_Carrington']Richard C. Carrington[/URL]. [SIZE=5][B]Carrington Super Flare[/B][/SIZE] From August 28, 1859, until September 2, numerous [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunspots']sunspots[/URL] and [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_flare']solar flares[/URL] were observed on the [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun']Sun[/URL]. Just before noon on September 1, the [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England']English[/URL] astronomer [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Christopher_Carrington']Richard Carrington[/URL] observed the largest flare, which caused a major [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection']coronal mass ejection[/URL] (CME) to travel directly toward Earth, taking 17.6 hours. Such a journey normally takes three to four days. This second CME moved so quickly because the first one had cleared the way of the ambient [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind']solar wind[/URL] [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma']plasma[/URL]. On August 29, 1859, [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_%28astronomy%29']aurorae[/URL] were observed as far north as [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland']Queensland[/URL]. On September 1, 1859, Carrington and Richard Hodgson, another English amateur astronomer, independently made the first observations of a solar flare. Because of a simultaneous [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_ionospheric_disturbance']"crochet"[/URL] observed in the [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Observatory']Kew Observatory[/URL] [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetometer']magnetometer[/URL] record by [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland']Scottish[/URL] physicist [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Stewart']Balfour Stewart[/URL] and a [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm']geomagnetic storm[/URL] observed the following day, Carrington suspected a solar-terrestrial connection. Worldwide reports on the effects of the geomagnetic storm of 1859 were compiled and published by [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Loomis']Elias Loomis[/URL] which support the observations of Carrington and Stewart. On September 1–2, 1859, the largest recorded geomagnetic storm occurred. Aurorae were seen around the world, even as far south as the [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean']Caribbean[/URL]; those over the [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains']Rocky Mountains[/URL] were so bright that their glow awoke gold miners, who began preparing breakfast because they thought it was morning. People who happened to be awake in the [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_US']northeastern US[/URL] could read a newspaper by the aurora's light. The aurora was visible as far from the poles as [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba']Cuba[/URL] and [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii']Hawaii[/URL]. [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph']Telegraph[/URL] systems all over [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe']Europe[/URL] and [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America']North America[/URL] failed, in some cases giving telegraph operators [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_shock']electric shocks[/URL]. Telegraph pylons threw sparks. Some telegraph systems continued to send and receive messages despite having been disconnected from their power supplies. Compasses and other sensitive instruments reeled as if struck by a massive magnetic fist. On Saturday, September 3, 1859, the [I][URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_News-American']Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser[/URL][/I] reported, "Those who happened to be out late on Thursday night had an opportunity of witnessing another magnificent display of the auroral lights. The phenomenon was very similar to the display on Sunday night, though at times the light was, if possible, more brilliant, and the prismatic hues more varied and gorgeous. The light appeared to cover the whole firmament, apparently like a luminous cloud, through which the stars of the larger magnitude indistinctly shone. The light was greater than that of the moon at its full, but had an indescribable softness and delicacy that seemed to envelop everything upon which it rested. Between 12 and 1 o'clock, when the display was at its full brilliancy, the quiet streets of the city resting under this strange light, presented a beautiful as well as singular appearance." In June 2013, a joint venture from researchers at [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London']Lloyd's of London[/URL] and [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_and_Environmental_Research&action=edit&redlink=1']Atmospheric and Environmental Research[/URL] (AER) in the United States used data from the Carrington Event to estimate the current cost of a similar event to the [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_economy']world economy[/URL] at $2.6 trillion (£1.67tr). [SIZE=5][B]Similar events[/B][/SIZE] [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_core']Ice cores[/URL] contain thin nitrate-rich layers that can be analyzed to reconstruct a history of past events before reliable observations; the data from Greenland ice cores was gathered by [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_G._McCracken']Kenneth G. McCracken[/URL] and others. These show evidence that events of this magnitude—as measured by high-energy proton radiation, not geomagnetic effect—occur approximately once per 500 years, with events at least one-fifth as large occurring several times per century. These similar but much more extreme [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray']cosmic ray[/URL] events however may originate outside the Solar system and even outside the [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_way']galaxy[/URL]. Less severe storms have occurred in 1921 and 1960, when widespread radio disruption was reported. The [URL='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1989_geomagnetic_storm']March 1989 geomagnetic storm[/URL] knocked out power across large sections of Quebec, Canada. [/QUOTE]
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