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Gyrotron
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<blockquote data-quote="FloridaSecurityContractor" data-source="post: 83394" data-attributes="member: 5520"><p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrotron" target="_blank">Gyrotron - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a></p><p><span style="font-size: 22px"><strong>Gyrotron</strong></span></p><p>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</p><p> </p><p>A <strong>Gyrotron</strong> is a high powered <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Vacuum_tube" target="_blank"><u>vacuum tube</u></a> which generates <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Millimeter_wave" target="_blank"><u>millimeter-wave</u></a> electromagnetic waves by bunching <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Electron" target="_blank"><u>electrons</u></a> with <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Cyclotron" target="_blank"><u>cyclotron</u></a> motion in a strong <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Magnetic_field" target="_blank"><u>magnetic field</u></a>. Output <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Frequency" target="_blank"><u>frequencies</u></a> range from about 20 to 250 <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/GHz" target="_blank"><u>GHz</u></a>, covering wavelengths from <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Microwave" target="_blank"><u>microwave</u></a> to the edge of the <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Terahertz_gap" target="_blank"><u>terahertz gap</u></a>. Typical output <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Power_(physics)" target="_blank"><u>powers</u></a> range from tens of <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Kilowatt" target="_blank"><u>kilowatts</u></a> to 1-2 <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Megawatt" target="_blank"><u>megawatts</u></a>. Gyrotrons can be designed for pulsed or continuous operation.</p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: 18px"><strong>Principle of operation[<a href="http://paranormalis.com/w/index.php?title=Gyrotron&action=edit&section=1" target="_blank"><u>edit</u></a>]</strong></span></p><p> </p><p>High power 84 - 118 GHz gyrotron tubes for plasma heating in the <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Tokamak_%C3%A0_configuration_variable" target="_blank"><u>TCV</u></a> <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Tokamak" target="_blank"><u>tokamak</u></a> fusion reactor, Switzerland. The colored cylinders are the tops of the gyrotron tubes.</p><p> </p><p>The gyrotron is a type of free electron <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Maser" target="_blank"><u>maser</u></a> (microwave amplification by <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Stimulated_emission" target="_blank"><u>stimulated emission</u></a> of radiation). It has high power at millimeter wavelengths because its dimensions can be much larger than the wavelength, unlike conventional <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Vacuum_tube" target="_blank"><u>vacuum tubes</u></a>, and it is not dependent on material properties, as are conventional masers. The bunching depends on a <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Special_relativity" target="_blank"><u>relativistic</u></a> effect called the Cyclotron <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Resonance" target="_blank"><u>Resonance</u></a> Maser instability. The electron speed in a gyrotron is slightly relativistic (comparable to but not close to the speed of light). This contrasts to the <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Free_electron_laser" target="_blank"><u>free electron laser</u></a> (and <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Xaser" target="_blank"><u>xaser</u></a>) that work on different principles and which electrons are highly relativistic.</p><p><span style="font-size: 18px"><strong>Applications[<a href="http://paranormalis.com/w/index.php?title=Gyrotron&action=edit&section=2" target="_blank"><u>edit</u></a>]</strong></span></p><p>Gyrotrons are used for many industrial and high technology heating applications. For example, gyrotrons are used in <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" target="_blank"><u>nuclear fusion</u></a> research experiments to heat <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" target="_blank"><u>plasmas</u></a>, and also in manufacturing industry as a rapid heating tool in processing glass, composites, and ceramics, as well as for annealing (solar and semiconductors). Military applications include the <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Active_Denial_System" target="_blank"><u>Active Denial System</u></a>.</p><p><span style="font-size: 18px"><strong>Manufacturers[<a href="http://paranormalis.com/w/index.php?title=Gyrotron&action=edit&section=3" target="_blank"><u>edit</u></a>]</strong></span></p><p>The gyrotron was invented in the <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Soviet_Union" target="_blank"><u>Soviet Union</u></a>.<a href="http://paranormalis.com/#cite_note-1" target="_blank"><u>[1]</u></a> Present makers include <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Communications_%26_Power_Industries" target="_blank"><u>Communications & Power Industries</u></a> (USA), <a href="http://gycom.ru/index.html" target="_blank"><u>Gycom</u></a> (Russia), <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Thales_Group" target="_blank"><u>Thales Group</u></a> (EU),<a href="http://www.ceeri.res.in/" target="_blank"><u>CEERI</u></a> (INDIA), <a href="http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Toshiba" target="_blank"><u>Toshiba</u></a> (Japan) and <a href="http://www.bridge12.com/" target="_blank"><u>Bridge12 Technologies, Inc.</u></a>. System developers include <a href="http://gyrotrontech.com/" target="_blank"><u>Gyrotron Technology, Inc</u></a></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="FloridaSecurityContractor, post: 83394, member: 5520"] [url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrotron"]Gyrotron - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia[/url] [SIZE=6][B]Gyrotron[/B][/SIZE] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A [B]Gyrotron[/B] is a high powered [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Vacuum_tube'][U]vacuum tube[/U][/URL] which generates [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Millimeter_wave'][U]millimeter-wave[/U][/URL] electromagnetic waves by bunching [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Electron'][U]electrons[/U][/URL] with [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Cyclotron'][U]cyclotron[/U][/URL] motion in a strong [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Magnetic_field'][U]magnetic field[/U][/URL]. Output [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Frequency'][U]frequencies[/U][/URL] range from about 20 to 250 [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/GHz'][U]GHz[/U][/URL], covering wavelengths from [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Microwave'][U]microwave[/U][/URL] to the edge of the [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Terahertz_gap'][U]terahertz gap[/U][/URL]. Typical output [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Power_(physics)'][U]powers[/U][/URL] range from tens of [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Kilowatt'][U]kilowatts[/U][/URL] to 1-2 [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Megawatt'][U]megawatts[/U][/URL]. Gyrotrons can be designed for pulsed or continuous operation. [SIZE=5][B]Principle of operation[[URL='http://paranormalis.com/w/index.php?title=Gyrotron&action=edit§ion=1'][U]edit[/U][/URL]][/B][/SIZE] High power 84 - 118 GHz gyrotron tubes for plasma heating in the [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Tokamak_%C3%A0_configuration_variable'][U]TCV[/U][/URL] [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Tokamak'][U]tokamak[/U][/URL] fusion reactor, Switzerland. The colored cylinders are the tops of the gyrotron tubes. The gyrotron is a type of free electron [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Maser'][U]maser[/U][/URL] (microwave amplification by [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Stimulated_emission'][U]stimulated emission[/U][/URL] of radiation). It has high power at millimeter wavelengths because its dimensions can be much larger than the wavelength, unlike conventional [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Vacuum_tube'][U]vacuum tubes[/U][/URL], and it is not dependent on material properties, as are conventional masers. The bunching depends on a [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Special_relativity'][U]relativistic[/U][/URL] effect called the Cyclotron [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Resonance'][U]Resonance[/U][/URL] Maser instability. The electron speed in a gyrotron is slightly relativistic (comparable to but not close to the speed of light). This contrasts to the [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Free_electron_laser'][U]free electron laser[/U][/URL] (and [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Xaser'][U]xaser[/U][/URL]) that work on different principles and which electrons are highly relativistic. [SIZE=5][B]Applications[[URL='http://paranormalis.com/w/index.php?title=Gyrotron&action=edit§ion=2'][U]edit[/U][/URL]][/B][/SIZE] Gyrotrons are used for many industrial and high technology heating applications. For example, gyrotrons are used in [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Nuclear_fusion'][U]nuclear fusion[/U][/URL] research experiments to heat [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Plasma_(physics)'][U]plasmas[/U][/URL], and also in manufacturing industry as a rapid heating tool in processing glass, composites, and ceramics, as well as for annealing (solar and semiconductors). Military applications include the [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Active_Denial_System'][U]Active Denial System[/U][/URL]. [SIZE=5][B]Manufacturers[[URL='http://paranormalis.com/w/index.php?title=Gyrotron&action=edit§ion=3'][U]edit[/U][/URL]][/B][/SIZE] The gyrotron was invented in the [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Soviet_Union'][U]Soviet Union[/U][/URL].[URL='http://paranormalis.com/#cite_note-1'][U][1][/U][/URL] Present makers include [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Communications_%26_Power_Industries'][U]Communications & Power Industries[/U][/URL] (USA), [URL='http://gycom.ru/index.html'][U]Gycom[/U][/URL] (Russia), [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Thales_Group'][U]Thales Group[/U][/URL] (EU),[URL='http://www.ceeri.res.in/'][U]CEERI[/U][/URL] (INDIA), [URL='http://paranormalis.com/wiki/Toshiba'][U]Toshiba[/U][/URL] (Japan) and [URL='http://www.bridge12.com/'][U]Bridge12 Technologies, Inc.[/U][/URL]. System developers include [URL='http://gyrotrontech.com/'][U]Gyrotron Technology, Inc[/U][/URL] [/QUOTE]
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